Ricardo and Marx both had theories of a falling tendency of the rate Essay

Ricardo and Marx both had theories of a falling tendency of the rate of profit in the development of capitalism. What were the different theoretical bases for t - Essay Example It ws, rther, the expression under cpitlism of the incresed productivity of lbour. ccording to Mrx, lw of the tendency of the rte of profit to fll (LTRPF) is theory developed by Mrx in the third volume of Cpitl to explin the occurrence of economic crises within cpitlist economies. ccording to the LTRPF, s cpitlists invest in ever more cpitl-intensive production, the rte of profit flls, since profit cn only be generted from the surplus vlue extrcted from living lbor, which is declining proportion of the cpitlist's outly. However, securing lrger shre of the mrket offsets the lower rte of profit for the individul cpitlist. Eventully the flling rte of profit wekens the incentive to ccumulte on the prt of the cpitlists until eventully the mss of profit begins to stgnte. t tht point n economic crisis begins s cpitlists decline to invest. The LTRPF explins long-term fluctutions in cpitlist economies. There my be long periods of expnsion before the LTRPF ffects the mss of profit, during which the effects of the LTRPF cn be offset by vrious countercting tendencies, such s lower wges nd incresed intensity of exploittion in the lbor process. Eventully, however, there will be period of stgntion nd crisis in which lrge proportion of existing cpitl is destroyed before reinvestment nd renewl cn strt over gin (see Shikh 1991). The importnce of the LTRPF for Mrxist poli... The LTRPF ws of prticulr significnce in this regrd in the 1970s nd 1980s, when it ws widely rgued, nd sometimes ccepted on the Left, tht the economic crisis nd unemployment of the time resulted from excessive wge demnds tht hd generted infltion. Proponents of the LTRPF could mintin tht economic crises would occur even if workers ccepted the cpitlists' clls for wge cuts. If it is ccepted tht the LTRPF is inherent in cpitlist economies, nd tht crises re unvoidble, then the only wy to prevent further crises is to remove the constrints of cpitlism (see Hrmn 1984; Mndel 1981). Citing Mrx in the Cpitl, "the progressive tendency of the generl rte of profit to fll is, therefore, just n expression peculir to the cpitlist mode of production of the progressive development of the socil productivity of lbour. This does not men to sy tht the rte of profit my not fll temporrily for other resons. But proceeding from the nture of the cpitlist mode of production, it is thereby proved logicl necessity tht in its development the generl verge rte of surplus-vlue must express itself in flling generl rte of profit. Since the mss of the employed living lbour is continully on the decline s compred to the mss of mterilised lbour set in motion by it, i.e., to the productively consumed mens of production, it follows tht the portion of living lbour, unpid nd congeled in surplus-vlue, must lso be continully on the decrese compred to the mount of vlue represented by the invested totl cpitl. Since the rtio of the mss of surplus-vlue to the vlue of the invested totl cpitl forms the r te of profit, this rte must constntly fll." (Krl Mrx, Cpitl Volume 3, chpter 13) In nutshell, this lw sttes tht the tendency of the socil cpitl to

Communication skills required in developing effective team Essay

Communication skills required in developing effective team relationships and monitoring performance of group activities - Essay Example When all the members are convinced of achieving the same goal effective team building is made possible. It is important to se how vital is communication skill in effectively motivating the team members to achieve the same goal. Eventually a team tastes success when there is a solid and healthy relationship with each other and measuring the improvement in the performance of it as a group. Developing to be an Effective Communicator In order to develop effective communication skills one must have a change in attitude towards the environment. Such transformation makes a person free of all inhibitions. This change will bring certain qualities in a person who undergoes that change in his/her personality. Firstly, good communicators have good perceptions for instance they can read the mind of their audience and can modify their message accordingly. A communicator will have precision as they will be able to create an accurate vocal picture in the mind of the listener. Good communicators also develop a credibility as they would appear to be believable and trust worthy people. Moreover, good communicators can control the conversation as well as the minds of the listeners. He can motivate the listeners in line with the intend of the message. Finally, good communicators always develop congeniality as they always maintain pleasant and positive relationship with their audience (Hamilton, et. al 1998). An effective communicator can motivate and hold people together for communication can be used as the glue to hold the solidarity of the team. A good leader, therefore, must craft the massage with utmost care, so that he/she will be able to overcome barriers and influence the listeners to act in the intended way. As species, the development for homo sapience was faster than all other species. The obvious reason to such a phenomenon was human being’s ability to communicate. Hence the skill of communication became the core of cooperation and betterment of mankind. The times have passed, human beings based their existence and development on this skill which taken humans across communities, countries and continents. Now he is on the verge of moving across planets. The narration explains how communication is being the key to success in leadership. Communication is the most common denominator that supports all the activities of a team (Courtland and Thil 1992). None of the basic procedures of managing or leading a team is possible with out communication. As explained earlier, a leader need to have those qualities explained earlier such as precision, perception, control and congeniality. Potential of a group is in close relation with the self efficacy of the group members, argues Lindsly, Brass and Thomas (1995). However, both these terms would mean the self belief every member of a team has about the team’s ability to achieve the goal. This positive forebear of effectiveness is made possible due to the good communication of the team leader and the existing positive communication among the team members. Starting from the initial process of management – the pioneering personality declaring the need of a group to achieve certain objectives – the flow of ideas, thoughts, and actions begins by the means of transferring information. Thus, the stages of planning, leading, appointing and controlling are the key areas which